1. Construction of self waterproof concrete

1 防水混凝土的材料及配比水泥品种应按设计要求选用，其强度等级不应低于32.5级。粗骨料的自然级配适宜，粒径宜为5~40mm，含泥量不得大于1％。防水混凝土的配合比要求：试配要求的抗渗强度比设计值提高0.2MPa；水泥用量不低于300kg/m3，掺有活性掺合料时不少于280kg/m3；砂率宜为35%～45%，水灰比不大于0.55；坍落度不宜大于50mm。

1 the materials and proportioning cement varieties of waterproof concrete should be selected according to the design requirements, and the strength grade should not be lower than grade 32.5. The natural gradation of coarse aggregate is suitable, the particle size should be 5~40mm, and the content of mud should not be more than 1%. The mix proportion requirements of waterproof concrete: the impervious strength of the test requirements is increased by 0.2MPa compared with the design value; the cement dosage is not less than 300kg/m3, and the active admixture is not less than 280kg/m3; the sand ratio is 35% to 45%, the water cement ratio is not greater than 0.55, and the slump is not more than 50mm.

2 施工要点

2 key points of construction

⑴ 防水混凝土工程的模板应平整、拼缝严密不漏浆。一般不宜用螺栓或铁丝贯穿混凝土墙固定模板，当需用螺栓贯穿混凝土墙固定模板时，应采取止水措施。如采用工具式螺栓,螺栓中间加焊止水钢板,螺栓两端设垫木等。① 工具式螺栓做法：用工具式螺栓将防水螺栓固定并拉紧，拆模时，将工具式螺栓拆下，再以嵌缝材料及聚合物水泥砂浆将螺栓凹槽封堵严密。工具式螺栓做法：

The waterproof concrete formwork should be smooth, patchwork tight without leakage. In general, bolts or wire should not be used to fix the formwork through the concrete wall. When the bolt is used to fix the formwork of the concrete wall, the water stop measures should be taken. For example, the tool bolts are used, the steel plates are welded in the middle of the bolts, and the bolts at both ends of the bolts are set up. The tool type bolt approaches: tool type bolt bolt and tighten the waterproof, Chaimo, tool type bolts removed, then the mortar caulking material and polymer cement bolt tight sealing groove. Tool bolt method:

[图片33.jpg] ② 螺栓加堵头做法：在结构两边螺栓周围做凹槽，拆模后将螺栓平凹槽底割去，再用膨胀水泥砂浆将凹槽封堵。地下室墙体采用工具式螺栓： [图片34.jpg] ③ 预埋套管加焊止水环做法：对拉螺栓外加设套管，套管兼具撑头作用，套管两端设垫木。拆模后将螺栓抽出，套管内以膨胀水泥砂浆封堵密实，垫木留下的凹坑用同样方法封实。预埋套管支撑示意图： [图片35.jpg] ⑵ 为防止钢筋的引水作用，迎水面的钢筋保护层不得小于50mm，底板钢筋不得接触混凝土垫层，不能用铁钉或铅丝将钢筋固定在模板上，严禁用钢筋充当保护层垫块，以防止水沿钢筋渗入。

[picture 33.jpg] the plug bolt with practice: do grooves in the surrounding structures on both sides of the bolt, after stripping Luo Shuanping cut off the bottom of the groove, reoccupy expansion cement mortar sealing groove. The wall of the basement is made of tool bolts: [picture 34.jpg]. 3. The way of pre embedding casing and welding water stop ring is: the pulling bolts are sleeved and the bushing is supported by both ends. After stripping out the bolt, the casing with expansive cement mortar sealing pad dense wood left in the same way sealed pits. Support the pre buried sleeve sketch: [picture 35.jpg], in order to prevent the diversion of steel, reinforced protective layer of water face of not less than 50mm, should not be allowed to touch the floor steel reinforced concrete cushion, can not be fixed in the template with a nail or wire, it is strictly prohibited to use as reinforced protective cushion block, to prevent water infiltration along the bar.

⑶ 防水混凝土浇筑前无泌水、离析现象，自由倾落高度不大于1.5m。

The waterproof concrete before casting, no bleeding, segregation, free fall height of not more than 1.5m.

⑷ 防水混凝土应采用机械振捣，并保证振捣密实。

The waterproof concrete should be used in mechanical vibration, and ensure vibration compacting.

⑸ 连续浇筑混凝土每500m3应留置1组（6个）抗渗试件，且每项工程不少于2组。

The continuous concrete should be retained for 1 500m3 each group (6) impermeability specimen, and each project is not less than 2 group.

⑹ 防水混凝土应自然养护，养护时间不少于14天。

It should be waterproof concrete curing, the curing time is not less than 14 days.

3 防水构造处理

3 waterproof structure treatment

⑴ 施工缝

The construction joint

施工缝是防水薄弱部位，施工中应不留或少留。底板混凝土应连续浇筑，墙体不得留设垂直施工缝。墙体水平施工缝不应留在剪力与弯矩最大处或底板与墙体交接处，最低水平施工缝距底板面不少于200mm，距穿墙孔洞边缘不少于300mm。施工缝的接缝形式: [图片36.jpg] ⑵ 穿墙管处理

Construction seam is the weak part of waterproof, and should not stay or stay in construction. The floor concrete should be continuously cast, and the wall shall not be left with vertical construction joints. The horizontal construction joints of wall should not stay at the largest shear force or bending moment or the junction between the floor and the wall. The lowest level of construction joint is less than 200mm from the floor surface, and the distance from the hole to the wall is not less than 300mm. Joint construction joints: [picture 36.jpg] the wall pipe processing

给排水、供暖和电缆管道穿过地下室外墙，应做好防水处理，否则极易沿管根部发生渗水。为保证防水施工和管道的安装方便，管道位置应离开内墙角或凸出部位25cm，管与管之间间距应大于30cm。直埋式适于管径＜5cm的穿墙管: [图片37.jpg] 套管式适于管径＞5cm的穿墙: [图片38.jpg] 穿墙盒式适于多根穿墙管集中时: [图片39.jpg] 混凝土浇筑时不得撞击、振捣预埋穿墙管，墙外回填土时不得冲压、夯撞伸出墙外的穿墙管，以免防水措施受冲撞而漏水。

Water supply and drainage, heating and cable pipe through the exterior wall of the basement, water treatment should be done, or it is very easy to seep along the root of the tube. In order to ensure the convenient installation of waterproof construction and pipeline, the position of pipe should leave the corner of inner wall or 25cm, and the distance between pipe and pipe should be greater than 30cm. Buried for diameter < 5cm wall pipe: 37.jpg] pipe diameter for [picture > 5cm wall: [picture 38.jpg] wall box wall pipe suitable for a plurality of focus: [picture 39.jpg] concrete pouring and vibrating impact shall be embedded in the wall pipe, the wall backfill shall be punched, hit the wall out ram the wall pipe, so as to avoid the impact Water Leakage waterproof measures.

⑶ 预埋件

The embedded parts

地下室内壁或底板上预埋铁件用吊件或专用工具固定，防止水沿铁件渗入室内。预埋铁件受力较大，为防止扰动周围混凝土、破坏防水层，预埋件端至墙外表面厚度不得小于25cm，达不到25cm应局部加厚。地下室底板上预埋螺栓: [图片40.jpg] ⑷ 变形缝止水带目前较多采用的是埋入式橡胶（塑料）止水带。埋入式橡胶（塑料）止水带: [图片41.jpg] 可卸式橡胶止水带变形缝 : [图片42.jpg] 粘贴式氯丁橡胶板止水带变形缝: [图片43.jpg] ⑸ 后浇带

The buried iron parts on the basement wall or the floor are fixed by a hanger or special tool to prevent water from infiltrating into the interior. Buried iron piece of a larger force to prevent the disturbance of the surrounding concrete, destroy the waterproof layer, embedded end to the outer surface of a wall thickness not less than 25cm, up to 25cm local thickening. The basement floor pre buried bolt: [picture 40.jpg] the deformation joint water stop at present more use of the embedded type rubber waterstop (plastic). Embedded type rubber (plastic) strip: [picture 41.jpg] removable rubber zhishuidai deformation joint: [picture 42.jpg] adhesive type chloroprene rubber waterstop plate deformation joint: [picture 43.jpg] of the pouring belt

后浇带1处防水层不断开，加设附加层并外贴止水带: [图片44.jpg] 后浇带2局部加厚垫层并附加钢筋，沉降差可使垫层产生斜坡，而不会撕裂防水层: [图片45.jpg] 后浇带3处可将底板局部加厚，并设止水带。由于底板加厚一般不超过25cm，不宜设置中埋止水带，宜用外贴式止水带: [图片46.jpg] 二、防水砂浆刚性防水层施工

After pouring 1 waterproof layer continuously, adding an additional layer and external water stop: [picture 44.jpg] after pouring 2 local thickening cushion and additional reinforcement, the differential settlement can make the cushion produce slope, without tearing the waterproof layer: [picture 45.jpg] after pouring 3 floor can be locally thickened, and waterstop. Because the floor thickness is generally not more than 25cm, it is not appropriate to set up the buried water stop. It is advisable to use the externally attached waterstop: [image 46.jpg] two, waterproof mortar rigid waterproof layer construction.

刚性防水层适用于地下砖石结构的防水层或防水混凝土结构的加强层。其抵抗变形的能力较差，当结构受较强烈振动荷载或受腐蚀、高温及反复冻融的部位不宜采用。

The rigid waterproof layer is suitable for the waterproof layer of the underground masonry structure or the strengthening layer of the waterproof concrete structure. Its ability to resist deformation is poor, and it is not suitable to be used when the structure is subjected to strong vibration load or corrosion, high temperature and repeated freezing and thawing.

1 基层处理

1 grass-roots processing

刚性防水层的基层处理十分重要，基层处理包括清理、浇水、刷洗、补平，使基层表面保持潮湿、清洁、平整、坚实、粗糙。超过1cm的棱角及凹凸不平处，应剔成慢坡形，并浇水清洗干净，用素灰和水泥砂浆分层找平。混凝土基层凹凸不平的处理： [图片47.jpg] 混凝土表面的蜂窝孔洞，应先将松散不牢的石子除掉，并浇水清洗干净，用素灰和水泥砂浆交替抹到与基层面相平。混凝土基层蜂窝孔洞的处理： [图片48.jpg] 对于石灰砂浆或水泥混合砂浆砌的砌体，应将缝剔深1cm，缝内呈直角。砖砌体的剔缝： [图片4

The basic treatment of rigid waterproof layer is very important. Grassroots treatment includes cleaning, watering, washing, and leveling, so that the surface of grass roots is moist, clean, smooth, solid and rough. Over the edges and irregularities of 1cm, should tick into slow slope shape, and water clean, the use of plain ash and cement mortar leveling layer. The treatment of the concrete base is uneven. [picture 47.jpg] the honeycomb holes on the concrete surface should be removed first, and the water will be cleaned and cleaned. It will be replaced with prime lime and cement mortar alternately. The treatment of concrete honeycomb holes: [picture 48.jpg] to the masonry of lime mortar or cement mixed mortar, the depth of 1cm should be slit, and right angle in the seam. Brick masonry seams: [picture 4