邯郸市防水施工厂

在国内，根据有关部门统计，目前65%的新房屋一至两年内会出现不同程度的渗漏，渗漏占房地产质量投诉的65%，65%的建筑防水工程6～8年后需要翻新，3个65%足以让整个防水行业蒙羞。建筑渗漏情况严重，而长期难以根治，被央视媒体称为“建筑癌症”。

In China, according to the statistics of relevant departments, 65% new houses will have different degrees of leakage in one to two years, 65% of the quality complaints of the real estate, 65% of the building waterproof project will be refurbished after 6~8 years, and 3 65% will be enough to make the whole waterproof industry be ashamed. Building leakage is serious, and it is difficult to cure in the long term. It is called "building cancer" by CCTV media.

图1：地下持续堵

Figure 1: continuous underground plugging

传统判定防水材料质量优劣的标准

Traditional criteria for judging the quality of waterproof material

经过30多年的发展，国内防水材料种类繁多，其物理性能越来越“强大”，以往判定防水材料质量的优劣时，多以其物理性能的高低来加以区分，即分为所谓高、中、低档防水材料，然而即使选用“经拉又拽，经蹬还经踹”的“高档防水材料”（见图2），严格以规范来验收的情况下，还是出现渗漏居高不下的现象。似乎以物理性能高低为标准的材料质量与防水难以画上等号，反而出现背离现象。

After more than 30 years of development, there are many kinds of waterproof materials in China, and their physical properties are becoming more and more "powerful". In the past, when judging the quality of waterproofing materials, they are distinguished by their physical properties, which are divided into so-called high, middle and low grade waterproof materials. "High-grade waterproof materials" (see Figure 2), strict acceptance in accordance with the norms, or the phenomenon of high leakage. It seems that the material quality and waterproofing standard of physical performance are difficult to be equated, but the deviation phenomenon appears.

过往案例一再证明，仅强调防水材料物理性能的优劣是难以解决渗漏的问题。判定防水材料质量优劣应从决定渗漏率高低的关键因素上来判断。

Past cases have repeatedly proved that only emphasizing the physical properties of waterproof materials is difficult to solve the problem of leakage. The quality of waterproof materials should be judged from the key factors determining the leakage rate.

图2：材料物性强大（抗撕裂、延伸率等）

Figure 2: strong material properties (tear resistance, elongation, etc.)

判定防水材料质量优劣之“融合”

Judging the "fusion" of the quality of the waterproof material

在国内，现浇混凝土的结构形式占据绝大多数，以地下工程为例，结合国内外防水设防思路上的差异情况对比来看，防水层能否与结构混凝土实现融合，避免“窜水”现象的发生，是降低渗漏率最为有效的途径。

In China, the structure forms of cast-in-place concrete occupy the vast majority. Taking underground engineering as an example, combining with the difference of waterproof fortification methods at home and abroad, the waterproof layer can be fused with structural concrete to avoid the occurrence of "water channeling", which is the most effective way to reduce the leakage rate.

1国内外防水思路差异

1 different waterproofing ideas at home and abroad

在地下工程中，设防思路的混乱是导致渗漏率居高不下的首要因素，因此对于防水材料的选定必然出现盲目。在国内外，常见设防思路主要有“防排结合”防水、“雨衣式”防水 、“预铺反粘”防水。

In underground works, the confusion of fortification ideas is the primary factor leading to high leakage rate. Therefore, blind selection of waterproof materials is inevitable. At home and abroad, the main ideas of common fortification include waterproof, raincoat, waterproofing, pre laying and anti sticking.

图3：防排结合体系

Figure 3: anti row combination system

（1）“防排结合“防水设防

(1) "anti drainage combination" waterproof fortification

从国际应用情况来看，“防排结合”防水的可靠度较高（见图3），但受制于高昂的直接投入、长期的使用维护成本、施工工期较长和持续降水对临近建筑结构稳定性的影响等因素，在国内民用建筑中较少采用，多见于暗挖隧道。

From the view of international application, the "anti row combination" has a high reliability (see Figure 3), but it is limited to the factors such as high direct investment, long term maintenance cost, long construction time and the influence of continuous precipitation on the stability of adjacent buildings. .

图4：传统防水设防渗漏示意图

Figure 4: a traditional waterproofing and seepage proof diagram

（2）“雨衣式”防水设防

(2) "raincoat" waterproof fortification

国内传统防水设防类似“雨衣式”防水，立足于如何实现防水层的完整性，如强调“搭接”、“交圈”等，力求防水层能做到“天衣无缝”。很显然，忽视防水层与结构层之间是否粘结风险极大，因为防水层一旦出现任何薄弱点，造成地下水在防水层与结构层之间窜流，足以造成防水系统的局部或整体崩溃，这种情况下防水层形同虚设，渗漏数量完全由结构混凝土裂缝数量决定（见图4）。

The domestic traditional waterproof fortification is similar to the "raincoat" waterproof, based on how to realize the integrity of the waterproof layer, such as "lap", "lap" and so on, so as to make the waterproof layer to be "seamless". It is obvious that there is a great risk of neglecting the bond between the waterproof layer and the structural layer, because once the waterproof layer appears any weak point, it causes the groundwater to flow between the waterproof layer and the structure layer, which is enough to cause the local or integral collapse of the waterproof system. In this case, the waterproof layer is set in the same form, and the amount of the leakage is completely made of structural concrete. The number of cracks is determined (see Figure 4).

在国内地下室底板采用PVC、SBS和EPDM等是最为典型的“雨衣式”防水，其与垫层粘结，与后浇筑混凝土无法粘结，易产生“窜水”现象，该做法存在渗漏率高和长期持续堵漏注浆的弊端。

In the domestic basement floor, PVC, SBS and EPDM are the most typical "raincoat" waterproof. It is bonded to the cushion and can not be bonded to the post pouring concrete. It is easy to produce the phenomenon of "water channeling". This method has the disadvantages of high leakage rate and long-term continuous leakage grouting.

因此，“雨衣式”防水设防并不适合用于以现浇混凝土为主体的防水工程，更适合用于外露式屋面等工程。

Therefore, the "raincoat" waterproof fortification is not suitable for the waterproofing works with cast-in-place concrete as the main body, and is more suitable for the exposed roofs and other projects.